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A quadrant is an instrument that is used to measure angles up to 90°. It was originally proposed by Ptolemy as a better kind of astrolabe.〔''The history of the telescope'' Henry C. King, Harold Spencer Jones Editor Harold Spencer Jones Courier Dover Publications, 2003 ISBN 0-486-43265-3, ISBN 978-0-486-43265-6〕 Several different variations of the instrument were later produced by medieval Muslim astronomers. ==Types== There are several types of quadrants: *Mural quadrants used for measuring the altitudes of astronomical objects. *Large frame-based instruments used for measuring angular distances between astronomical objects. *Geometric quadrant used by surveyors and navigators. *Davis quadrant a compact, framed instrument used by navigators for measuring the altitude of an astronomical object. They can also be classified as〔Gerard L'E. Turner, ''Antique Scientific Instruments'', Blandford Press Ltd. 1980 ISBN 0-7137-1068-3〕 *Altitude - The plain quadrant with plumb line, used to take the altitude of an object. *Gunner's - A type of clinometer used by an artillerist to measure the elevation or depression angle of a gun barrel of a cannon or mortar, both to verify proper firing elevation, and to verify the correct alignment of the weapon-mounted fire control devices. *Gunter's - A quadrant used for time determination. Invented by Edmund Gunter in 1623. *Islamic - King identified four types of quadrants that were produced by Muslim astronomers.〔King, D. (1987), ‘Islamic Astronomical Instruments’, Variorum, London, repr. Aldershot: Variorum, 1995.〕 #The sine quadrant (Arabic: Rubul Mujayyab) - also known as the "Sinecal Quadrant" – was used for solving trigonometric problems and taking astronomical observations. It was developed by al-Khwarizmi in 9th century Baghdad and prevalent until the nineteenth century. Its defining feature is a graph-paper like grid on one side that is divided into sixty equal intervals on each axis and is also bounded by a 90 degree graduated arc. A cord was attached to the apex of the quadrant with a bead, for calculation, and a plumb bob. They were also sometimes drawn on the back of astrolabes. #The universal (shakkāzīya) quadrant – used for solving astronomical problems for any latitude: These quadrants had either one or two sets of shakkāzīya grids and were developed in the fourteenth century in Syria. Some astrolabes are also printed on the back with the universal quadrant like an astrolabe created by Ibn al-Sarrāj. #The horary quadrant – used for finding the time with the sun: The horary quadrant could be used to find the time either in equal or unequal (length of the day divided by twelve) hours. Different sets of markings were created for either equal or unequal hours. For measuring the time in equal hours, the horary quadrant could only be used for one specific latitude while a quadrant for unequal hours could be used anywhere based on an approximate formula. One edge of the quadrant had to be aligned with the sun, and once aligned, a bead on the plumbline attached to the centre of the quadrant showed the time of the day. An example exists dated 1396, from European sources (Richard II of England).〔(14th century timepiece unearthed in Qld farm shed ), Clayton Bloom, ABC News Online, accessed 10 November 2011〕 The oldest horary quadrant was found during an excavation in 2013 in the Hanseatic town of Zutphen (Netherlands) and is dated ca. 1300 and is in the local Stedelijk Museum in Zutphen.).〔John Davis - The Zutphen Quadrant – A very early equal-hour instrument excavated in The Netherlands - British Sundial Society 89. Volume 26(i) March 2014; Fermin, B., D. Kastelein. Het Zutphense Kwadrant. Archeologisch onderzoek in de gracht van de ringwalburg op de Houtmarkt te Zutphen. Zutphense Archeologische Publicaties 80. Gemeente Zutphen 2013〕 #The astrolabe/almucantar quadrant – a quadrant developed from the astrolabe: This quadrant was marked with one half of a typical astrolabe plate as astrolabe plates are symmetrical. A cord attached from the centre of the quadrant with a bead at the other end was moved to represent the position of a celestial body (sun or a star). The ecliptic and star positions were marked on the quadrant for the above. It is not known where and when the astrolabe quadrant was invented, existent astrolabe quadrants are either of Ottoman or Mamluk origin, while there have been discovered twelfth century Egyptian and fourteenth century Syrian treatises on the astrolabe quadrant. These quadrants proved to be very popular alternatives to astrolabes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Quadrant (instrument)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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